The fixed material for semi-conductors usually has the electrical resistance between that of a conductor and a non-conductor. The electrical resistance of semiconductors also is influenced by variations of temperature or added “impurities”.

The material contains admixtures if some other components have been put to it. Semiconductors are marked as power semiconductor devices of type-n and type-t due to the kind of final material.

They make diodes and transistors combining these types of semiconductors. It's obvious that these days the most popular material for semi-conductor manufacture is silicon.

Semiconductor material is needed to produce diodes which are for putting the flow of electrical current simply in one direction. In every single diode there is a component made of positive and negative elements (p- and n-) as well as of so-called barrier level (or pn-transfer). Electrical circuits that change among alternating and direct electrical current are produced with diodes. As diodes let current stay only in one direction only a part of the processes or cycle is fulfilled. A combination of this kind is known as a rectifier.

LED (or light diodes) is another variant of diodes. Such diodes are used in case it's a task to create light at low voltages and eventually make no warmth. Now they apply LED light diodes as the light showing the standby state of various electronic devices.

The growth of thyristors production was governed by Moore's law. What is the most important factor to make complex power semi-conductor gadgets at lower prices? Lithography is. Speaking of optical lithography, it now gives way to the popularization of other technologies as it has come to its physical limit. Now ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography are supposed to be the most promising substitutes to optical one. X-ray lithography and electron beam lithography now are also known to be of big potential.

Such a necessary thing as igbt modules was discovered in Russia. They apply those sensors to do different actions anywhere. The sensors meet their application in commercial, manufacture and daily applications. The shape and size of the current sensor can change from those small light counters to complex devices reacting on radiation loss.

But if the igbt sensor is alone it won't function. There are many destinations for using power system dispatchers. They are needed to keep system parameters like voltage, frequency, power flow, to control the state of circuit breakers in dependent station and the planned interchange of power with the neighboring power systems. System signals and the actions against them are also under their supervisory control.

The full snap-shot of the power system should be provided to the controllers from the displays on some computers of several substations. With the help of respective interfacing matrials the state of CB's, fuses, isolators and analog values such as MVAR, MW, Hz, Amps or others was captured in the RTU. Russia and China are now the biggest exporters in this field.